Abstract This paper presents a methodology for the conceptual design of a Maneuver Load Control system taking into account the airframe flexibility. The system, when switched on, is able to minimize the bending moment augmentation at a wing station near the wing root during an unsteady longitudinal maneuver. The reduction of the incremental wing bending moment due to maneuvers can lead to benefits such as improved pay-loads/gross weight capabilities and/or extended structural fatigue life. The maneuver is performed by following a desired vertical load factor law with elevators deflections, starting from the trim equilibrium in level flight. The system observes load factor and structural bending through accelerometers and calibrated strain sensors and then sends signals to a computer that symmetrically actuates ailerons for reducing the structural bending and elevators for compensating the perturbation to the longitudinal equilibrium. The major limit of this kind of systems appears when it has to be installed on commercial transport aircraft for reduced OEW or augmented wing aspect-ratio. In this case extensive RAMS analyses and high redundancy of the MLC related sub-systems are required by the Certification Authority. Otherwise the structural design must be performed at system off. Thus the unique actual benefit to be gained from the adoption of a MLC system on a commercial transport is the fatigue life extension. An application to a business aircraft responding to the EASA Certification Specifications, Part 25, has been performed. The aircraft used for the numerical application is considered only as a test case-study. Most of design and analysis considerations are applicable also to other aircraft, such as unmanned or military ones, although some design requirements can be clearly different. The estimation of the fatigue life extension of a structural joint (wing lower skin-stringer), located close to the wing root, has been estimated by showing the expected benefit to be gained from the adoption of such a maneuvering load control system.

Labio Los defectos extensos de labio superior implican la reconstrucción funcional y estética de una estructura única en la cara. Diferentes alternativas se han propuesto para su reconstrucción que incluyen colgajos locales como colgajos libres, cada uno con ventajas y desventajas. Describimos la reconstrucción de grandes defectos de labio superior con colgajos musculocutáneos de oribularis oris modificando la técnica original descrita por Yotsuyanagi et al.

Surgery plastic Extensive upper lip defects require a functional and aesthetic reconstruction of a single structure on the face. Different alternatives have been proposed for its reconstruction, including local flaps and free flaps, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. We describe the reconstruction of extensive defects of the upper lip with orbicularis oris musculocutaneous flaps using a modification of the original technique described by Yotsuyanagi, et al.

The utilization of dual purpose wheat crops may contribute to perform a more efficient use of environmental resources. In Balcarce (Buenos Aires, Argentina) a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum, cv. Baguette 20) was seeded at an early date (March 17, 2006) and the forage production was compared with three defoliation frequencies: T1 (three defoliations); T2 (two defoliations) and TG (without defoliations). The aerial biomass, grain yield (kg ha-1) and its components were quantified (g DW m-2) for these three and for a non defoliated treatment seeded at a normal date for grain production (Jun 7, TN). Accumulated forage production by T1 was smaller than for T2 (497 and 392 g m-2, respectively). The defoliations after two nodes (stage Zadoks 32) affected negatively the photosynthetically active radiation intercepted by the crop, diminishing the number of grains m-2 and the weight per grain; in consequence, the production of grain fell 60% with respect to TG and 71% with respect to TN. A quantitative relationship between the decrease of grain yield and the moment of the last cut (i.e., days between the last defoliation and anthesis) was established. With double purpose wheat, it is feasible to obtain a grain production that is not to be expected with other forage winter crops.

La utilización de cultivos de trigo con doble propósito contribuiría a realizar un uso más eficiente de los recursos ambientales. En Balcarce (Buenos Aires, Argentina) se estableció un cultivo de trigo (Triticum aestivum, cv. Baguette 20) sembrado en fecha temprana (17 de marzo de 2006) para comparar la producción de forraje obtenida con tres regímenes de defoliación: T1 (tres defoliaciones), T2 (dos defoliaciones) y TG (sin defoliaciones). En esos tres tratamientos y en otro no defoliado sembrado en fecha normal para la producción de grano (7 de junio, TN) se cuantificó la biomasa aérea (g MS m²), el rendimiento de grano (kg ha-1) y sus componentes. La producción de forraje de T1 fue similar que la de T2 (497 y 392 g m-2, respectivamente). Las defoliaciones posteriores al estado de dos nudos (estado Zadoks 32) afectaron negativamente la radiación fotosintéticamente activa interceptada por el cultivo, disminuyendo tanto el número de granos m-2 como el peso por grano; en consecuencia, la producción de grano cayó 60% respecto de TG y 71% respecto de TN. Se estableció una relación cuantitativa entre la disminución del rendimiento en grano y el momento del último corte (i.e., días entre la última defoliación y antesis). El trigo presenta la ventaja de poseer un destino alternativo a su uso forrajero, que no la presentan otros verdeos de invierno. Puede destinarse sólo para uso forrajero, sólo para producir grano, o se lo puede utilizar buscando un balance entre la producción de forraje y grano.